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Mount Ilas Bungaan
Mount Ilas Bungaan ((インドネシア語:Gunung Ilas Bungaan)) is a limestone hill near Berau, East Kalimantan, Borneo. It is also known as Flowering Rock, a literal translation of its Indonesian name (''ilas'' = rock, ''bungaan'' = flowering).〔Phillips, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. ''Pitcher Plants of Borneo''. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.〕 The hill is located "on a remote stretch of the Karangan River"〔Hansen, E. 2001. (Where rocks sing, ants swim, and plants eat animals: finding members of the ''Nepenthes'' carnivorous plant family in Borneo ). ''Discover'' 22(10): 60–68.〕 and its base lies at an altitude of around 300 m.〔Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.〕
Botanist A. J. G. Kostermans explored Mount Ilas Bungaan between September 8 and September 19, 1957, as part of an expedition to northeastern Borneo.〔van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J., ''et al.'' 2006. (Cyclopaedia of Malesian Collectors: André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans ). Nationaal Herbarium Nederland.〕 During this time, Kostermans made the first known collection of the rare pitcher plant ''Nepenthes campanulata'', which grew on the "sand and limestone walls"〔Kurata, S. 1973. ''Nepenthes'' from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. ''Gardens' Bulletin Singapore'' 26(2): 227–232.〕 of the hill's 100 m high rock face.〔 He wrote the following account of his discovery:〔
I was working for the Forestry Department at that time in Sangkulirang and when I had finished I wanted to find out about a flowering rock, Ilas Bungaan, upriver. After 10 days walking I saw the yellowish rock for the first time. When we were there we discovered that the yellow colour was that of the leaves of a ''Nepenthes'' completely covering the steep face of the 50 m high rock. We cut a tree that fell to the rock and acted as a ladder and climbed up. The ''Nepenthes'' was not in flower or fruit, but we found caves in the rock and in the caves a couple of boat-like coffins with sculptured dog-head ends which contained decapitated skeletons.
The population of ''N. campanulata'' originally discovered on Mount Ilas Bungaan was destroyed during the widespread Borneo forest fires of 1983–1984 and the species is thus locally extinct. It has since been rediscovered in Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak, more than 400 km from Mount Ilas Bungaan.〔〔Steiner, H. 2002. ''Borneo: Its Mountains and Lowlands with their Pitcher Plants''. Toihaan Publishing Company, Kota Kinabalu.〕〔Lee, C.C. 2004. New records and a new species of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) from Sarawak. ''Sandakania'' 15: 93–101.〕
==References==
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